Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Antonitto A. Published 1 October 1921. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Nature of qualitative evidence. Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. An official website of the United States government. 1983. p. 155. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections We've encountered a problem, please try again. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. We've updated our privacy policy. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. Gordis, L. (2014). Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. and transmitted securely. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research In Step 1, age was entered. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . I have never gone to modern health centers. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Peterson DR. Principal Scientist & Act. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. PubMed The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. 4. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. 12. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Epub 2016 Sep 11. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. BMC Public Health We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. Traditional healing and primary care: a socio-cultural study in a rural Tehuledere community, North-Eastern Ethiopia. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. 0 First Statement of Germ Theory. PubMed Central A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . Bull World Health Organ. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. Google Scholar. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. PubMedGoogle Scholar. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Disclaimer. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Privacy There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Medical anthropology. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. %PDF-1.6 % Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. [Female, Study Community # 5]. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Meadows LM, Morse JM. American journal of public health. You can read the details below. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. The move towards a new public health police. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 2005;83(1):7. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Terms and Conditions, Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Young A. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Disease Causation; Theories; Models. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Prev Chronic Dis. Nurse Educ Today. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. endstream endobj startxref Promot Educ Suppl. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. Accessibility According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. For example, the qallicha However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Soc Sci Med. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. 13. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. 2005;60:50113. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Before We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Bryman A. Ethiop J Health Dev. Park, K. (n.d.). Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Cite this article. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. In the mid-19th . A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease.