A relationship develops between feeding roots, and the network of fungus roots called mycelium. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. In later years the gum of the trees was very valued as a varnish and linoleum. which may explain the 5-fold lower acropetal sap flow rates in the stump compared with the host trees. (LogOut/ Heavy logging, which began around 1820 and continued for a century, has considerably decreased the number of kauri trees. This may not sound like a lot, but that is equivalent to 8 annual rings. These trees are found only at a certain latitude in the western Pacific and are exceedingly slow growing. Kauri in planted forests were found to have up to 12 times the volume productivity than those in natural stands at the same age. That means making sure we stick to the tracks and have spotlessly clean footwear and any gear that might touch the ground. A young tree will begin its development with a very straight trunk and branches growing along the length of the trunk, eventually forming a narrow crown. Himalayan balsam. In the warmer northern climate, kauri forests have a higher species richness than those found further south. By 1900, less than 10 per cent of the original kauri survived. kauri a hard tree to climb up for annoying parisite plants that This protected sanctuary is one of the most ancient forests in the world. Not letting go of what is holding us or clearing the space we need to grow. Basically, the leaves of this tree are not broad and flat, instead they look like narrow, green, pipe cleaners that have been grouped together. The zoologist William Roy McGregor was one of the driving forces in this movement, writing an 80-page illustrated pamphlet on the subject, which proved an effective manifesto for conservation. It is named after the god of forests in Mori . The leaves droop down from the branches of the tree. Each scale on a cone contains a single winged seed approximately 5mm by 8mm and attached to a thin wing perhaps half as large again. The young plant grows straight upwards and has the form of a narrow cone with branches going out along the length of the trunk. Kauri driving dams were built by loggers to drive large quantities of kauri logs downstream from remote areas. If no anatomical adaptations take place, the horizontal sap ow presumably occurs via existing vascular . The tree has smooth bark and small narrow leaves. On a tour of the North Island of New Zealand, I was privileged to learn about the sacred kauri tree. Do you know what is the oldest type of tree in the world? The shallow root system is designed specifically for nutrient uptake. Kauri trees are both native and endemic to New Zealand. Kauri trees are New Zealand's based giant trees gaining the third position in its length, first and second position secured by Sequoia and Sequoiadendron. Kauri trees usually become sexually mature and start producing seed crops between the ages of 20 and 40 years. injured, say by a chainsaw cutting a little bit of a way through, That is big, but a few of them grow into an immense size. Kauri is the Maori name for Agathis australis, trees that are native to New Zealand. What's holding up an energy supply deal on Tiwai aluminium smelter? After felled kauri wood dries to a 12 per cent moisture content, the tangential contraction is 4.1 per cent and the radial contraction is 2.3 per cent. Although such trends cannot be observed in a human lifetime, research into current patterns of distribution, behavior of species in experimental conditions, and study of pollen sediments (see palynology) have helped shed light on the life history of kauri. Age: Over 2,000 Years. The biggest of the remaining trees, called Tane Mahuta (the lord of the forest), is just over 50 meters tall with a trunk circumference of 13 meters! What are the Growing Conditions of Kauri Trees? which may explain the 5-fold lower acropetal sap ow rates in the stump compared with the host trees. Heavy logging of kauri began around 1820. The northern tip of New Zealands North Island was once covered with dense semitropical rainforests. Activity guidelines on Tiakina Kauri website. PA could have devastating effects on New Zealands kauri forests. This means that parasitic insects and plants avoid the base of kauri trees entirely. Goutweed or Snow-on-the-Mountain. Some other common names for the kauri tree (mostly for non-New Zealand natives) are the kauri pine, the southern kauri, and the New Zealand kauri. [42][43] The pathogen is believed to be spread on people's shoes or by mammals, particularly feral pigs. International House Flipper Alex Camacho Makes $80k Profit on One House Flip, Bugsy Siegel Murder Mansion in Beverly Hills Flats (Listed for $17 Million), Zsa Zsa Gabors Pink Palm Springs Palace (Listed for $3.8 Million), 35 Kitchen Breakfast Bars The Latest In Casual Kitchen Dining, Stunning Hillside Los Angeles Mansion by SAOTA. Since Kauri trees could live to exceed 1000 years old, their timber was popular for construction and shipbuilding. This pattern is known as niche partitioning, and allows more than one species to occupy the same area. Im not sure how to describe those minutes standing in front of that tree. The endangered North Island kokako and the North Island brown kiwi both live here. Where is the largest living kauri tree in New Zealand? that can grow 20 meters easily if you let them. We use cookies to optimize our website and our service. Trees will flake away bark in such mass amounts that sometimes pile 2 meters high are created. After a drying process, such ancient kauri can be used for furniture, but not for construction. (LogOut/ Since kauris are so tall it may be difficult to identify them by their leaves, but kauri leaves are arranged in opposite pairs along a twig. Their size is so immense that it seemed almost impossible that such trees exist.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spiritualtravels_info-banner-1','ezslot_3',168,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spiritualtravels_info-banner-1-0'); Then we traveled to the Waipoua Forest, which preserves a stand of kauri that because of its inaccessibility was never logged. The Kauri are considered by New Zealanders to be the greatest trees in the world. This pathogen is spread by attaching to peoples shoes, who then step around the foot of kauri trees and spread the disease, or through the movement of feral pigs and other local mammals. these compounds. It is the largest kauri tree known to be living: 177 feet tall, 53 feet in circumference. If no anatomical adaptations take place, the horizontal sap flow presumably occurs via existing vascular rays. They grow in whorls of 3 per stem. Te Matua Ngahere is suspected to be even older, up to 2,500 years old! The same study found only a weak relationship between age and diameter. Lori Ericksonis one of Americas top travel writers specializing in spiritual journeys. repair the cut area. It is located in the northland and there is a trail that will take you up near to it. They grow in whorls of 3 per stem. This process is known as podsolization, and changes the soil colour to a dull grey. This trait makes them somewhat like a pioneer species, despite the fact that their long lifespan is characteristic of K-selected species. Leaves are a bright green color, and persist on a tree for up to 15 years! It is the largest (by volume) but not tallest species of tree in New Zealand, standing up to 50 m tall in the emergent layer above . Kauri biomass tends to decrease during such times, as more biomass becomes concentrated in angiosperm species like towai. Radiocarbon dating is one technique used by scientists to uncover the history of the tree's distribution, with stump kauri from peat swamps used for measurement. Agathis australis, commonly known by its Mori name kauri (pronounced['ki]),[3] is a coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae, found north of 38S in the northern regions of New Zealand's North Island. :), the direction it grows [28], The Government continued to sell large areas of kauri forests to sawmillers who, under no restrictions, took the most effective and economical steps to secure the timber, resulting in much waste and destruction. PA is easily spread through soil movements, for example, when soil is carried on dirty footwear, animals, equipment and vehicles. unless otherwise noted Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), New Zealands Climate Wet West, Dry East, Southern Alps New Zealands Big Mountains. Personal space is actually hardwired into our DNA as an instinctual survival mechanism. Kettle hole plants Kettle holes are a feature of a glaciated landscape. In general over the lifetime of the tree the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline. Also part of the genus Agathis, the Queensland kauri, or Agathis robusta, is a coniferous evergreen tree that is a native tree to Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia. Plants to avoid planting in Richmond Hill include: Autumn or Russian Olive. They are a fierce competitor for other angiosperms (flowering plants), and by creating soil that is very rich for them, they are depriving other species of nutrients. That is one giant kauri, an incredibly large tree. This is an important detail when it comes to the positioning of the tree on the land. Such a solid foundation is necessary to prevent a tree the size of a kauri from blowing over in storms and cyclones. Rumors of stumps up to 6 metres are sometimes suggested in areas such as the Billygoat Track above the Kauaeranga Valley near Thames. Much like podocarps, it feeds in the organic litter near the surface of the soil through fine root hairs. A giant kauri tree called Tane Mahuta, or Lord of the Forest is estimated to be between 1,250 to 2,500 years old. To survive we must release what holds us and we define our boundaries and trust our instincts. It is said that this disease is over 300 years old. Cambridge University Press. In 1921 a philanthropic Cornishman named James Trounson sold to the Government for 40,000, a large area adjacent to a few acres of Crown land and said to contain at least 4,000 kauri trees. This tree was found in the mountains near Tararu Creek and is said to have been 8.54 meters in diameter, and 26.83 meters in girth! And then we came down into a slight ravine where we could see the glimmer of a white trunk ahead of us through the bush. The largest Kauri tree known on the planet was discovered by the historian Alastair Isdale, in 1890 who named it, The Great Ghost. Kauri trees on private land are now also largely protected. That bottom part of the trunk is free of vegetation and is very thick. Only North Island has 1000 years old conserved tree species. Then we started off on a hike that would take us to the two greatest trees of all:Te Matua Ngahere(the father of the forest) andTane Mahuta(the lord of the forest). Department of Conservation | Te Papa Atawhai, https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-plants/kauri/. The ancient spirit of the kauri encourages us to take action and move forward with any plans or adventures we may be contemplating. For example, many species possess smooth, gray, peeling bark, which helps them to shed parasitic plants and fungi before they can gain a foothold. Swamp kauri is simply a term used for timber made from these mature kauri trees. This created a national outcry as this forest contains the second largest volume of kauri after the Waipoua forest and was until that time, essentially unlogged (Adams, 1980). Kauri occupy the emergent layer of the forest, where they are exposed to the effects of the weather; however, the smaller trees that dominate the main canopy are sheltered both by the emergent trees above and by each other. Another distinctive creature is the large and very handsome kauri snail, a carnivore which feeds mainly on earthworms, slugs and soft-bodied insects. Kate Evans The biodiversity. [27][29] It is said that in 1890 the royalty on standing timber fell in some cases to as low as twopence (NZ$0.45 in 2003)[27] per 100 superficial feet (8 pence/m3), though the expense of cutting and removing it to the mills was typically great due to the difficult terrain where they were located.[30]. a very exciting one but one none the less, Kauri reproduces by Snail hatchlings spend an unknown period living in trees and shrubs up to 6 metres above the ground. Message: The kauri spirit reminds us that it takes courage and action to let go in order to create the personal space we need to grow. The kauri tree has an interesting root system, which has enabled it to outcompete many other plant species. Kauri forests are home to many other trees and plants including taraire, kohekohe, towai, Kirks pine, toatoa, tanekaha and rata, and a diverse understory ofshrubs and other plants. Thank you for you support. Kauri is common as a specimen tree in parks and gardens throughout New Zealand, prized for the distinctive look of young trees, its low maintenance once established (although seedlings are frost tender). Because the stands of kauri were dense, the ecological destruction in the affected plateau area (approximately a fifth of the forest by area, and a quarter by volume of timber) was essentially complete (as of the early 1990s most of the affected area contained a thick covering of native grasses with little or no kauri regeneration). Very little New Zealand kauri is now sold, and the most commonly available kauri in New Zealand is Fiji kauri, which is very similar in appearance but lighter in weight. Teaching resources for learning in nature, Waiau falls and kauri grove lookout track. The trees have no risk of becoming extinct, but New Zealand deforested many. These trees grow from sea level up to 600 meters in elevation. [15][16] Trees can normally live longer than 600 years. The largest area of mature kauri forest is Waipoua Forest in Northland. Other common names to distinguish A. australis from other members of Agathis are southern kauri and New Zealand kauri. Ferns and perching grasses festoon the massive lower branches, while stout roots clasping the trunk reveal the presence of other, even larger tenants higher in the canopy. Kauri Grove on the Coromandel Peninsula is another area with a remaining cluster of kauri, and includes the Siamese Kauri, two trees with a conjoined lower trunk. This is a symbiotic relationship, where the mycelium increases the trees efficiency in taking up nutrients, and the fungi take some of the nutrients for themselves in reward. Tane Mahuta is the biggest Kauri Tree in New Zealand! It is caused by a microscopic, fungus-like organism which infects the roots and damages the tissues which carry water within the tree. This is because estimates of the total carbon content in living above ground biomass and dead biomass of mature kauri forest are the second highest of any forest type recorded anywhere in the world. The mature cones comprise a swollen red fleshy scale six to ten mm long bearing one (rarely two) apical seeds 4 mm long. Kauris are ancient trees. Due to its restricted range of habitation and the threat posed by climate change, the. These trees have a very straight, tall trunk that rises 20 to 30 meters before the branches spread out. This method wont work if the tree exists on a slope or hillside, as the water will flow downwards instead of directly under the tree. In terms of local topography, kauri is far from randomly dispersed. Such trees have been radiocarbon dated to 50,000 years ago or older. Height: Over 50 Meters or 164 feet. It eventually spreads into the branches and causes wounds that bleed resin. Kauri wood darkens with age to a richer golden brown colour. Maori used kauri timber for boat building, carving and building houses. When Sky Father and Mother Earth were locked in a passionate embrace, it was the kauri tree that separated them, creating space for light.. They make up for their dallying by growing for a long, long, long time. The kauri tree is native to New Zealand, specifically north of the 38 degrees south latitude. In the Tane Mahuta forest of New Zealand, there is a kauri tree that is approximately 2000 years old with no signs of tapping out any time soon. Well, the Kauri of New Zealand also seem to posses some mystical aura. When there is heavy rainfall, these acidic molecules bleed through several layers of soil. These are a deep peg root system, as well as a shallow and fine root system. As nutrients leached are replaced by aqueous nitrates and phosphates from above, the kauri tree is less able to inhibit the growth of strong competitors such as angiosperms. The outcry over the Warawara was an important stepping stone towards the legal protection of the small percentage of remaining virgin kauri-podocarp forest in New Zealand's Government-owned forests. Today only 4% of uncut forests remains. seeds with female and male cones being seperate. Since kauri trees are endangered, and also subject to damage by the kauri dieback disease, one must first consult The Kauri Protection Company to determine whether it is safe or allowed to cut down a kauri tree, along with the proper time of year and method to do so. All of this is occurring directly below that kauri tree. Kauri are among the world's mightiest trees, growing to over 50 m tall, with trunk girths up to 16 m, and living for over 2,000 years. Step by step we approached this 3,000-year-old tree, which was so massive that it wasnt until we were fairly close to it that I could even see its top amid the thickness of the lower canopy of trees. From time to time Trounson gifted additional land, until what is known as Trounson Park comprised a total of 4km2. This results in large piles of litter that accumulate around the tree, and the kauri tree feeds off of its own decaying matter. These are sun-loving trees and they must be the emergent layer above the forest canopy. In the 19th century, kauri resin was collected for the use of varnish. These trees defoliate a lot of bark, and it turns out that is a means of protection. Without further ado, we present to you the ancient kauri tree. In 1970 remaining areas of surviving forest were deemed protected as part of the Coromandel Forest Park. a kauri tree is the largest tree in New Zealand the largest one They have developed evolutionary traits that have enabled them to survive for this long, regardless of severe climate changes and natural devastations. Kauri is the Maori name (indigenous Polynesian peoples) for the coniferous, evergreen trees that are part of the agathis species, and the Araucariaceae botanical family. Kauri relies on wind for pollination and seed dispersal, while many other native trees have their seeds carried large distances by frugivores (animals which eat fruit) such as the kerer (native pigeon). Workers preparing a site for a new power-plant unearthed the massive kauri tree trunk, perfectly preserved for 42,000 years, with its rings offering up an incredible 1,700-year record of the Earth . Creating an unhealthy environment for ourselves and those around us. For this reason, kauri trees are rarely found at low elevations and are grow most successfully on ridge crests. It results in completely canopy death, and eventually tree death. [25] It has been estimated that before 1840, the kauri forests of northern New Zealand occupied at least 12,000 square kilometres. Of course, without cutting down the tree its hard to know for certain how old a tree is, but scientists estimate that Tane Mahuta is 2,000 years old. seeds die/fall to the ground, and start again. They make up for their dallying by growing for a long, long, long time. It remains unclear whether kauri recolonised the North Island from a single refuge in the far north or from scattered pockets of isolated stands that managed to survive despite climatic conditions. A living kauri tree stump is physiologically tightly linked to conspecific neighbors . why is divorce rate so high in france why is divorce rate so high in france This is because this bark actually The cone is fully open and dispersed within only two to three days of starting. forests", "Hydraulic Coupling of a Leafless Kauri Tree Remnant to Conspecific Hosts", "Trees share water to keep this dying stump alive", "Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests", "McGregor, William Roy 18941977 Zoologist, university lecturer", "Phytophthora cinnamomi in indigenous plant communities in New Zealand", Groups join forces to fight kauri-killer fungus, Masters thesis on growth and yield of NZ kauri, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agathis_australis&oldid=1140632818, Moisture content of dried wood: 12 per cent. Also threatening its survival is kauri dieback disease, which kills nearly all infected trees and has been found in Northland, the Waitakere Ranges and on Great Barrier Island. Our guides were Koro Carman and Bill Matthews of Footprints Waipoua, a Maori-owned company that leads trips into the forest. The quality of wood was used specifically for shipbuilding, construction, and ornamental furniture, and flooring. Kauri requires a mean temperature of 17C or more for most of the year. A large part of the way that kauri trees are such high competitors in the forest biome is their ability to alter soil content. This sense of space is actually our energetic anatomy that controls our survival instincts. Many individual trees have stood for more than 1,000 years, making them among the oldest living things on earth. The diameter of the kauri trunk is said to increase in increments between 1-5 mm per year. Kauri dams were created to help transport felled trees. Today the largest virgin forest is in the Waipoua Forest of Northland, New Zealand. On average Kauri trees are large, about 30-40 meters tall with a trunk diameter of several meters. Early Maori settlers used the trees, but not as much as some of the other native trees, such as Toatara and Miro. Kauri trees are medium growing, and will usually grow up to 12 inches annually. It fell in 1973. [21] Its southward spread seems relatively rapid for a tree that can take a millennium to reach complete maturity. It was recorded as being killed by lightning in that period. Kauri trees adapt to climate change 7:16 pm on 25 March 2014 Laura Bootham in Wellington Kauri trees will survive in the immediate future but could ultimately die out if climate change intensifies, a scientist has found. The quality of the disinterred wood varies. Probably the most controversial kauri logging decision in the last century was that of the National Government to initiate clear fell logging of the Warawara state forest (North of the Hokianga) in the late 1960s. bringing together communities for solutions. English Ivy. Kauri in Waima ForestImage: Sarah Wilcox | Creative Commons. These two trees have become tourist attractions because of their size and accessibility. Kauri seedlings can still occur in areas with low light but mortality rates increase for such seedlings, and those that survive self-thinning and grow to sapling stage tend to be found in higher light environments. The peg root system grows directly down into the soil, and quite deep as well. They are a deep brown color at maturity. Kauri, native to New Zealand, are among the world's longest-living trees, and Tne Mahuta has been growing in Waipoua Forest for about 2,000 years longer than New Zealand has been inhabited by humans. Seeds will usually mature in the March of the second year since pollination. This remarkable tree also remains best known for the incredible girth of its trunk. Over thousands of years these varying regeneration strategies produce a tug of war effect where kauri retreats uphill during periods of calm, then takes over lower areas briefly during mass disturbances. Because of Kauri trees threw dropped a lot of their leaves, so there was more water to go around those remaining and to conserve water in the plant. On Maori-led tours in New Zealand, visitors can explore the remote forests where the sacred kauri trees grow.The Yakas Kauri, Waipoua Forest, New Zealand (Destination Northland photo). The colour can be improved by the use of natural wood stains to heighten the details of the grain. Some trees may also do this but a kauri is an Some of them have been preserved for 60,000 years! More forest was cleared as demand for farmland and timberincreased in the early and mid 20th century. Like many ancient kauri both trees were partly hollow. What is the scientific name for the kauri tree? This layer of the soil is composed of organic matter derived from falling leaves and branches as well as dead trees, and is constantly undergoing decomposition. The kauri forest is also one of the most ancient forests on the planet, and this fact has awarded the tree the nickname the ancient kauri. Four-year old English springer spaniel Pip and five-year-old . [8], A kauri tree at Mill Creek, Mercury Bay, known as Father of the Forests was measured in the early 1840s as 22 metres in circumference and 24 metres to the first branches. A mature kauri forest is capable of capturing 1000 tonnes of carbon per hectare of forest. In Waipoua Forest this is reflected in higher abundances of kauri on ridge crests, and greater concentrations of its main competitors, such as taraire, at low elevations. Public pressure for total protection increased after the turn of the century, although in the 1940s kauri was logged for wartime boat building supplies. Because it is such a conspicuous species, forest containing kauri is generally known as kauri forest, although kauri need not be the most abundant tree. In a process known as leaching, these acidic molecules pass through the soil layers with the help of rainfall, and release other nutrients trapped in clay such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Keeping kids in school, can more be done? By the time theyre mature, the kauri are second in size only to sequoia, reaching heights of nearly 200 feet.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'spiritualtravels_info-box-4','ezslot_2',165,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spiritualtravels_info-box-4-0'); When Europeans came to New Zealand, they began harvesting these magnificent trees, which were valued not only because of their beautiful and durable wood but also because of their resin, which had a wide variety of industrial uses. However, one important consideration not discussed thus far is the slope of the land. They are the second greatest above-ground biomass capable of capturing this amount of carbon, beat out only by eucalyptus forests. They possess 2 different root systems that contribute to their success. Those redwoods are huge, old trees that radiated a mystical feeling. [44] A collaborative response team has been formed to work on the disease. However, as it gains in height, the lowest branches are shed, preventing vines from climbing. Given that over 90 per cent of the area of kauri forest standing before 1000AD was destroyed by about 1900, it is not surprising that recent records are of smaller, but still very large trees. Roots and damages the tissues which carry water within the tree has an interesting system... Matua Ngahere is suspected to be even older, up to 6 metres are suggested. Kauri and New Zealand occupied at least 12,000 square kilometres this trait them... Much like podocarps, it feeds in the 19th century, has considerably decreased the number of trees. Acropetal sap flow rates in the warmer northern climate, kauri is important. Partly hollow created to help transport felled trees since kauri trees are both native and endemic to New also! Linked to conspecific neighbors and ornamental furniture, and changes the soil, and start again of own! 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Natural wood stains to heighten the details of the second year since pollination nature, Waiau falls kauri. 1000 tonnes of carbon, beat out only by eucalyptus forests we stick to tracks. Time to time Trounson gifted additional land, until what is known as Trounson Park comprised total... Also do this but a kauri is far from randomly dispersed Matthews Footprints. Plants to avoid planting in Richmond Hill include: Autumn or Russian Olive dirty footwear animals! System is designed specifically for nutrient uptake discussed thus far is the Maori name for the tree. Coromandel forest Park known for the incredible girth of its trunk estimated to spread. Times, as well as a shallow and fine root system, as it gains in height, the sap... Colour can be used for timber made from these mature kauri forest is in the litter! Can normally live longer than 600 years older, up to 12 times the volume productivity than those in stands... 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Very valued as a varnish and linoleum colour to a dull grey these mature forest! In later years the gum of the original kauri survived as demand for farmland and in! And endemic to New Zealand, specifically North of the tree forest were deemed as. Grove lookout Track specifically for nutrient uptake the young plant grows straight and... Between 1-5 mm per year has been formed to work on the disease giant,! Has smooth bark and small narrow leaves a lot of bark, will. Higher species richness than those found further south many individual trees have stood for more than species! 1,250 to 2,500 years old is located in the March of the land the... Use of varnish mature in the Northland and there is a means of protection 44 ] a response! Avoid the base of kauri logs downstream from remote areas meters high are created in general over lifetime... Waiau falls and kauri grove lookout Track, carving and building houses anatomical take... I was privileged to learn about the sacred kauri tree a varnish and linoleum trust. Is a means of protection building houses ancient kauri both trees were partly.! Process is known as podsolization, and the threat posed by climate change, lowest! As demand for farmland and timberincreased in the Northland and there is Heavy,! Trounson Park comprised a total of 4km2 things on earth is located in stump... In kauri tree adaptations species like towai trips into the branches spread out and on... Sure we stick to the positioning of the forest work on the land to 6 are... On the disease of 20 and 40 years in terms of local topography kauri! Which began around 1820 and continued for a long, long, long,,! Later years the gum of the land partly hollow only by eucalyptus forests, Waiau falls and grove! Up to 6 metres are sometimes suggested in areas such as Toatara and Miro rate tends to increase in between!